Ultimately, i obtained or made various other data present from the municipal ? year level

Talking about (1) the populace

of women off reproductive ages (provided by the newest National Yardsathematical Institute)? (2) the brand new label, sex, and party of each and every civil gran and his awesome/the woman vote display (on the Electoral Solution)? and you can (3) management suggestions toward any other birth-control disbursements from personal fitness services, and you will placebo wellness consequences produced regarding exact same management wellness records (men morbidity, and you can morbidities throughout the puerperium several months).

This really is accompanied after the de Chaise), in which we could to see both instant change and you may changes along side pursuing the 2 years given the type inside the therapy use

We shared this type of investigation supply on the a data gang of Chile’s 346 municipalities more fifteen years, or 5,190 findings/information. A few findings has actually destroyed actions in a number of periods. Particularly, all of our measure of EC tablet accessibility enjoys 103 missing findings having many years in which municipalities failed to bring information about the pill disbursement updates. Likewise, the latest way of measuring refuted pills isn’t readily available for 2009. I document bottom line statistics in the following the area.

Strategies

Here we follow the notation of Freyaldenhoven et al. (2018), where ?_{–step 1} = 0, so that our reference period is one year prior to adoption in each municipality. We are interested in the nine yearly leads and eight yearly lags of the policy change, where leads capture any prevailing trends prior to the reform in earlier versus later adopting municipalities, and lags show the change in health outcomes following EC pill availability. Given variation in reform timing, initial leads and lags capture differences in treatment status (treated vs. untreated), while later periods capture pure variation in timing. Year and municipal fixed effects ?_?? and ?_?? absorb time and municipal invariant factors, and standard errors are clustered by Chile’s 346 municipalities. As well as capturing any dynamic impacts of the reform (e.g., growing knowledge diffusion), specification (1) provides evidence in favor of parallel (pre)trends if we can reject that each ?_j = 0 ? j 11 It is important to note that in all cases, EC Pill refers to free provision by the public health system. In Chile, following the passage of the EC pill laws, the pill was also sold at private pharmacies. Unlike public data, official data on EC pill usage in the private system are not available (Fernandez et al. 2016). Thus, all estimates refer to the impact of the public reform. Although we cannot formally assess the impact of private market provision without data on disbursements, if private provision fills gaps not met by the public health system “spilling over” to areas not yet treated by the public system, our estimates will understate the actual full effect of EC pill availability (Clarke 2019).

where EC Pill_ct is a binary variable indicating that the EC pill is available in municipality c and time t. Specifically, such models take care of recent critiques that single-coefficient models may be biased if effects are heterogeneous over time (Goodman-Bacon 2018). However, recent advances by de Chaise) propose an estimator to avoid issues relating to heterogeneous impacts over time and time-varying adoption of policies. We thus follow their proposed DID_M estimator in line with Eq. (2) (full details of this method are included in the online Appendix C). 12 This estimator consists of comparing outcomes between all units that change their EC pill status with those that have not yet changed, around the time that the policy change occurs. In addition, we estimate mirrored leads as placebo tests, which implement the same comparisons between changing and unchanging units, but in periods entirely before treatment is adopted. Besides allowing for a single summary estimate, this method offers the benefit that all identification is drawn off the time period in which the staggered adoption of the EC pill occurred. We consistently conduct inference using http://datingmentor.org/escort/miami a block-bootstrap procedure allowing for within-municipality correlations over time. We also explore one specification where EC Pill_ct is replaced with Pill Rejected_ct, indicating whether each municipality refused to disburse requested EC pills in a given year.